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Connects net external force F_net on mass m to acceleration a and the four constant-acceleration SUVAT kinematic equations.
Inverse-square law governing gravitational attraction, surface gravity g, circular orbital velocity, escape velocity, and Kepler's Third Law.
States that in a conservative system free of non-conservative friction/drag, the sum of kinetic energy K and potential energy U remains invariant.
Relates the dot-product mechanical work W = F·d cos(θ) performed on a body to its exact change in kinetic energy ΔK and instantaneous power P = F·v.
Links force-time impulse J = F_avg Δt to momentum change Δp and governs elastic, partially elastic, and perfectly inelastic collisions.
Fundamental electrical circuit equations relating voltage V, current I, resistance R, Joule power P, and Kirchhoff's node/loop laws.
Inverse-square electrostatic force, electric field E, and electric potential V between point charges in vacuum or dielectric media.
Governs voltage generation in electric generators, transformers, inductors, and wireless chargers from time-varying magnetic flux Φ_B.
Unifies electricity, magnetism, and optics via Maxwell's four field equations, wave propagation speed c = fλ, and Planck photon energy E = hf.
Einstein's special relativity equations for the Lorentz factor γ, rest energy E₀ = mc², relativistic kinetic energy, time dilation, and length contraction.